(define-theory Top-Level (Layers))
(in-theory 'Top-Level)

(DEFINE-RELATION CONTEXT (?A ?B) :IFF-DEF
 (= (INVERSE CONTEXT-OF) CONTEXT))
(DEFINE-RELATION CONTEXT-OF (?A ?B)
 "The relation for assigning a temporal context 
(situation, time-span, or platform) to some entity."
 :DEF (AND (ASSESSMENT-RELATION ?A ?B) (SITUATION ?A)))
(DEFINE-CLASS *AGENT (?SELF)
:DEF
 (AND (THING ?SELF) (OR (ORGANISM ?SELF) (SOCIAL-OBJECT ?SELF))) :CONSTRAINTS
 (MINIMUM-SLOT-CARDINALITY ?SELF ACTOR-OF 1) :AXIOM-DEF
 (THE-ARCHETYPE *AGENT REIFIED-ROLE))
(DEFINE-CLASS *HUMAN-CAUSED-PHENOMENON-OR-PROCESS (?SELF)
 "A phenomenon or process that is a result of the activities of human beings. 
USN: If the term refers to the activity itself, rather than the result of that activity, a type from the 
'Activity' hierarchy is assigned instead."
 :IFF-DEF
 (AND (NON-BIOLOGIC-PROCESS ?SELF)
      (EXISTS (?A) (AND (RESULT-OF ?SELF ?A) (HUMAN-ACTIVITY ?A)))))
(DEFINE-CLASS *NATURAL-PHENOMENON-OR-PROCESS (?SELF)
 "A phenomenon or process that occurs irrespective of the activities of 
human being."
 :IFF-DEF
 (AND (NON-BIOLOGIC-PROCESS ?SELF)
      (VALUE-TYPE ?SELF RESULT-OF INCOHERENT))
)
(DEFINE-CLASS ABSTRACTION (?SELF)
:DEF (ENTITY ?SELF) :CONSTRAINTS
 (VALUE-CARDINALITY ?SELF _ABSTRACT 1) :AXIOM-DEF
 (AND (SUBCLASS-PARTITION ABSTRACTION
       (SETOF LANGUAGE TOPIC INFORMATION NOTION))
      (THE-ARCHETYPE ABSTRACTION TYPE)))
(DEFINE-CLASS ACT (?SELF)
 "The class of processes that are performed by an agent 
and have a dynamic schema, say the schema for the intuition of processual entities
having an underlying intuition of 'caused' kinematics."
 :DEF (PROCESS ?SELF) :CONSTRAINTS
 (EXISTS (?A) (AND (PERFORMED-BY ?SELF ?A) (OBJECT ?A))) :AXIOM-DEF
 (THE-ARCHETYPE ACT TYPE))
(DEFINE-CLASS ACTIVITY (?SELF)
 "The class of telic events that are typically carried 
out for an extended time and in some way are 'istitutionalized' or at least customary 
or conventional."
 :DEF
 (AND (TELIC-EVENT ?SELF)
      (EXISTS (?A) (AND (CONVENTIONAL-WITHIN ?SELF ?A) (TOPIC ?A))))
 :AXIOM-DEF (THE-ARCHETYPE ACTIVITY TYPE))
(DEFINE-CLASS ARTIFACT (?SELF)
:DEF
 (AND (OBJECT ?SELF)
      (EXISTS (?A) (AND (PRODUCT-OF ?SELF ?A) (HUMAN-ACTIVITY ?A))))
 :AXIOM-DEF (THE-ARCHETYPE ARTIFACT TYPE))
(DEFINE-CLASS BIOLOGIC-OBJECT (?SELF)
:DEF
 (AND (MATERIAL-OBJECT ?SELF) (VALUE-CARDINALITY ?SELF _BIOLOGIC 1))
 :AXIOM-DEF
 (AND (SUBCLASS-PARTITION BIOLOGIC-OBJECT
       (SETOF ANATOMICAL-STRUCTURE ORGANISM))
      (THE-ARCHETYPE BIOLOGIC-OBJECT TYPE)))
(DEFINE-CLASS BIOLOGIC-PROCESS (?SELF)
 "A natural process embodied in a biologic objecy." :DEF
 (AND (NATURAL-PROCESS ?SELF)
      (EXISTS (?A) (AND (EMBODIED-IN ?SELF ?A) (BIOLOGIC-OBJECT ?A)))))
(DEFINE-CLASS DEVICE (?SELF)
:DEF
 (AND (ARTIFACT ?SELF) (EXISTS (?A) (AND (INSTRUMENT-OF ?SELF ?A) (ACT ?A))))
 :AXIOM-DEF (THE-ARCHETYPE DEVICE TYPE))
(DEFINE-CLASS ENTITY (?SELF)
 "Entity includes the concepts of the ON9 library (excluding 
meta-level and extrinsic concepts).
Subtypes are 'continuant' (localized entities), 'occurrent' (temporalized entities), and the
the reified property '*sign' (any entity E used as interpretant of some entity F)."
 :DEF (THING ?SELF) :AXIOM-DEF
 (AND (SUBCLASS-PARTITION ENTITY
       (SETOF LOCALIZED-ENTITY TEMPORALIZED-ENTITY ABSTRACTION))
      (THE-ARCHETYPE ENTITY CATEGORY)))
(DEFINE-CLASS HUMAN-ACTIVITY (?SELF)
:DEF (ACTIVITY ?SELF))
(DEFINE-CLASS LOCALIZED-ENTITY (?SELF)
 "The class of entities which have a static schema: for some 
situation (state of affairs) S1 of an entity X there exists a meeting situation S2 for X
in which every interpretant Y (except time) of X holds true, and Y held true at S1 as well.
In other words, there are at least two conceivable successive situations in which the features
(except temporal features) of an objectual entity do not change. On the contrary, processual 
entities are inherently changing entities, apart stationary phases.
In still other words, localized entities  ('continuants') are cognitively constructable as 
tendentially stable. 
This does not mean that objectual entities cannot have a kinematics and a dynamics.
'Kinematic' and 'Static' are simple properties of the intuition (some Kantian 'forms of 
intuition') and an 'extreme' analysis should not be tried. In fact, there are objectual 
entities more prototypical of 'static' intuition (eg 'mountain'), while others are very 
peripheral (eg 'the light of Venice'), let alone the entities of subatomic physics.
Localized entity has two direct subtypes: object and region."
 :DEF (ENTITY ?SELF) :AXIOM-DEF
 (AND (SUBCLASS-PARTITION LOCALIZED-ENTITY (SETOF OBJECT REGION))
      (THE-ARCHETYPE LOCALIZED-ENTITY CATEGORY)))
(DEFINE-CLASS CONTINUANT (?SELF)
 "The class of entities which have a static schema: for some 
situation (state of affairs) S1 of an entity X there exists a meeting situation S2 for X
in which every interpretant Y (except time) of X holds true, and Y held true at S1 as well.
In other words, there are at least two conceivable successive situations in which the features
(except temporal features) of an objectual entity do not change. On the contrary, processual 
entities are inherently changing entities, apart stationary phases.
In still other words, localized entities  ('continuants') are cognitively constructable as 
tendentially stable. 
This does not mean that objectual entities cannot have a kinematics and a dynamics.
'Kinematic' and 'Static' are simple properties of the intuition (some Kantian 'forms of 
intuition') and an 'extreme' analysis should not be tried. In fact, there are objectual 
entities more prototypical of 'static' intuition (eg 'mountain'), while others are very 
peripheral (eg 'the light of Venice'), let alone the entities of subatomic physics.
Localized entity has two direct subtypes: object and region."
 :IFF-DEF (LOCALIZED-ENTITY ?SELF))
(DEFINE-CLASS MACHINE (?SELF)
:DEF (DEVICE ?SELF))
(DEFINE-CLASS MATERIAL-OBJECT (?SELF)
 "An object perceptible to the sense of vision or touch (USN)." :DEF
 (AND (OBJECT ?SELF) (VALUE-CARDINALITY ?SELF _MATERIAL 1))
 :CONSTRAINTS (EXISTS (?A) (AND (EXACTLY-LOCATED ?SELF ?A) (REGION ?A)))
 :AXIOM-DEF
 (AND (SUBCLASS-PARTITION MATERIAL-OBJECT
       (SETOF SUBSTANCE BIOLOGIC-OBJECT SUBMOLECULAR-OBJECT))
      (THE-ARCHETYPE MATERIAL-OBJECT CATEGORY)))
(DEFINE-CLASS PHYSICAL-OBJECT (?SELF)
:IFF-DEF
 (MATERIAL-OBJECT ?SELF))
(DEFINE-CLASS MATERIAL-REGION (?SELF)
 "Compare with generalized 'region' in theory: localization." :DEF
 (REGION ?SELF) :CONSTRAINTS
 (EXISTS (?A) (AND (IS-REGION-OF ?SELF ?A) (MATERIAL-OBJECT ?A))) :AXIOM-DEF
 (THE-ARCHETYPE MATERIAL-REGION TYPE))
(DEFINE-CLASS NATURAL-PROCESS (?SELF)
 "The class of spontaneous processes which are embodied 
in an object. A natural process has an 'inherent' teleology without having a true 
intentionality."
 :DEF (PROCESS ?SELF) :CONSTRAINTS
 (EXISTS (?A) (AND (EMBODIED-IN ?SELF ?A) (OBJECT ?A))) :AXIOM-DEF
 (AND (SUBCLASS-PARTITION NATURAL-PROCESS
       (SETOF BIOLOGIC-PROCESS NON-BIOLOGIC-PROCESS))
      (THE-ARCHETYPE NATURAL-PROCESS TYPE)
      (PROBLEM NATURAL-PROCESS
       "What about processes which are neither actions nor functions?
For example: injury, poisoning, or (natural, but not biological) phenomena.
1. A geological phenomenon such as erosion or a (naturally) rolling stone
may seem inappropriately called 'function', since a natural and not biological
occurrent is hardly perceived as involved in a system. On the other
hand, from an ecological viewpoint, any natural occurrent is part of
a contextualized system. Moreover, a geological occurrent would be
classified as a 'geological-function'.
2. Injuries and poisoning are functions as well, only they are not naturally 
occurring. This is one of the reasons why naturalness is not a primary criterion 
in our ontologies. See also Searle for the position that functions are not
natural at all, since they are attributed by our epistemic views."))
)
(DEFINE-CLASS PHENOMENON-OR-PROCESS (?SELF)
 "A process or state which occurs naturally or as a result 
of an activity."
 :IFF-DEF (NATURAL-PROCESS ?SELF))
(DEFINE-CLASS NON-BIOLOGIC-PROCESS (?SELF)
:DEF
 (NATURAL-PROCESS ?SELF) :AXIOM-DEF
 (SUBCLASS-PARTITION NON-BIOLOGIC-PROCESS
  (SETOF *HUMAN-CAUSED-PHENOMENON-OR-PROCESS *NATURAL-PHENOMENON-OR-PROCESS)))
(DEFINE-CLASS OBJECT (?SELF)
 "The kind of localized entity which does not necessarily depend on
some entity which is not an object. On the contrary, regions necessarily depend on some non-region,
at least through transitivity."
 :DEF (LOCALIZED-ENTITY ?SELF) :AXIOM-DEF
 (AND (SUBCLASS-PARTITION OBJECT (SETOF MATERIAL-OBJECT SOCIAL-OBJECT))
      (THE-ARCHETYPE OBJECT CATEGORY)
      (MAPPING OBJECT "USN 'entity' can be mapped here.")))
(DEFINE-CLASS ORGANISM (?SELF) "Generally, a living individual, 
including all plants and animals."
 :DEF
 (AND (BIOLOGIC-OBJECT ?SELF)
      (VALUE-CARDINALITY ?SELF _HOMEOSTATIC 1))
 :CONSTRAINTS
 (FORALL (?A)
  (=> (INTERACTS-WITH ?SELF ?A) (OR (ORGANISM ?A) (SOCIAL-OBJECT ?A))))
 :AXIOM-DEF
 (SUBCLASS-PARTITION ORGANISM
  (SETOF RICKETTSIA-OR-CHLAMYDIA FUNGUS BACTERIUM PLANT ARCHAEON VIRUS ANIMAL))
)
(DEFINE-CLASS PROCEDURE (?SELF)
:DEF
 (AND (ACTIVITY ?SELF)
      (MINIMUM-SLOT-CARDINALITY ?SELF CONSTITUTIVE-PHASE 1)))
(DEFINE-CLASS PROCESS (?SELF)
 "The prototypical kind of temporalized entity. Tipically, 
processes strictly depend on some object which they are hosted in: without an object, 
a process may hardly exist."
 :DEF (TEMPORALIZED-ENTITY ?SELF) :CONSTRAINTS
 (EXISTS (?A) (AND (STRICTLY-DEPENDS-ON ?SELF ?A) (OBJECT ?A))) :AXIOM-DEF
 (AND (SUBCLASS-PARTITION PROCESS (SETOF ACT NATURAL-PROCESS))
      (THE-ARCHETYPE PROCESS CATEGORY)
      (MAPPING PROCESS "USN 'event' can be mapped here.")))
(DEFINE-CLASS SITUATION (?SELF)
 "Situations are 'ontological' contexts for constructing the notion 
of co-localization of heterogeneous entities with interrelationships among them (eg a state 
of affairs including an object, a process embodied in it, one or more regions localizing them, 
a domain in which such a state of affairs may occur, a time span of occurrence, etc.). 
This notion comes from both Heidegger and Husserl: to Heidegger, a situation is the 'place' of 
existence, of the 'happening' of the entities. The Husserl's notion is 'Sachverhalt' (state of 
affairs): the objective counterpart of a judgment, accepted in Wittgenstein's Tractatus as a 
'combination of entities', called 'atomic fact'.
A situation may imply a 'true' location (regional location, see theory:localization), a temporal
location, or a naive, metonymic location (see theory:localization)."
 :DEF (TEMPORALIZED-ENTITY ?SELF) :CONSTRAINTS
 (AND (EXISTS (?A) (AND (CONTEXT-OF ?SELF ?A) (REGION ?A)))
      (EXISTS (?B) (AND (CONTEXT-OF ?SELF ?B) (OBJECT ?B)))
      (EXISTS (?C) (AND (CONTEXT-OF ?SELF ?C) (PROCESS ?C)))
      (VALUE-CARDINALITY ?SELF DURATION-VALUE 1)
      (EXISTS (?D) (AND (STRICTLY-DEPENDS-ON ?SELF ?D) (REGION ?D)))
      (EXISTS (?E) (AND (STRICTLY-DEPENDS-ON ?SELF ?E) (OBJECT ?E)))
      (EXISTS (?F) (AND (STRICTLY-DEPENDS-ON ?SELF ?F) (PROCESS ?F)))
      (EXISTS (?Y ?Z ?W)
       (AND (REGION ?Y)
            (CONTEXT-OF ?SELF ?Y)
            (OBJECT ?Z)
            (CONTEXT-OF ?SELF ?Z)
            (PROCESS ?W)
            (CONTEXT-OF ?SELF ?W)
            (LOCATED ?Y ?Z)
            (ACTOR-OF ?Z ?W))))
 :AXIOM-DEF (THE-ARCHETYPE SITUATION TYPE))
(DEFINE-CLASS SOCIAL-OBJECT (?SELF)
:DEF
 (AND (OBJECT ?SELF) (VALUE-CARDINALITY ?SELF _SOCIAL 1)) :AXIOM-DEF
 (THE-ARCHETYPE SOCIAL-OBJECT TYPE))
(DEFINE-CLASS SUBSTANCE (?SELF)
 "A material with definite or fairly definite chemical composition." :DEF
 (MATERIAL-OBJECT ?SELF) :AXIOM-DEF (THE-ARCHETYPE SUBSTANCE CATEGORY))
(DEFINE-CLASS TELIC-EVENT (?SELF)
 "The class of actions that are intended to being concluded, 
say 'conclusive' and with a purpose, say 'telic'."
 :DEF (AND (ACT ?SELF) (VALUE-CARDINALITY ?SELF _CONCLUSIVE 1))
 :CONSTRAINTS
 (AND (EXISTS (?A)
              (AND (PERFORMED-BY ?SELF ?A)
                   (OR (ORGANISM ?A) (SOCIAL-OBJECT ?A) (MACHINE ?A))))
      (EXISTS (?B) (AND (CONVENTIONAL-GOAL ?SELF ?B) (SITUATION ?B))))
 :AXIOM-DEF (THE-ARCHETYPE TELIC-EVENT TYPE))
(DEFINE-CLASS TEMPORALIZED-ENTITY (?SELF)
 "The class of entities which are inherently 
intervallistic -say they necessarily co-occur with a time span- and have a kinematic 
intuition schema: for all situations (states of affairs) S of an entity X, there exists 
a meeting situation T for X in which something different holds true of X, but did not hold 
true at S. 
In other words, temporalized entities (or 'occurrents') are fluents, ever-changing entities.
The kinematic schema refers to the perception of pure forms, not to actual entities in the real
world: solid objects can have a kinematics and in fact processes strictly depend on
objects. Actually, some philosophers argue that processes are not real entities, but only
features of objects. We are realist about processes, but we do not want to make claims far 
beyond the intentionality of perceiving agents.
Temporalized-entity has four direct subtypes: process, situation, time-span (or interval), and 
temporal-platform."
 :DEF (ENTITY ?SELF) :CONSTRAINTS
 (AND (EXISTS (?A) (AND (CO-OCCUR ?SELF ?A) (TIME-SPAN ?A)))
      (FORALL (?S1)
       (=> (AND (SITUATION ?S1) (CONTEXT-OF ?S1 ?SELF))
        (EXISTS (?S2)
         (AND (SITUATION ?S2)
              (CONTEXT-OF ?S2 ?SELF)
              (MEETS ?S1 ?S2)
              (DIFFERENT ?S1 ?S2))))))
 :AXIOM-DEF
 (AND (SUBCLASS-PARTITION TEMPORALIZED-ENTITY
       (SETOF PROCESS TIME-SPAN SITUATION))
      (THE-ARCHETYPE TEMPORALIZED-ENTITY CATEGORY)))
(DEFINE-CLASS OCCURRENT (?SELF)
:IFF-DEF (TEMPORALIZED-ENTITY ?SELF))
(DEFINE-CLASS TIME-SPAN (?SELF)
 "The kind of temporalized entity, which does not depend on any
other entity except other time spans."
 :DEF (TEMPORALIZED-ENTITY ?SELF) :CONSTRAINTS
 (EXISTS (?A) (AND (STRICTLY-DEPENDS-ON ?SELF ?A) (TIME-SPAN ?A))) :AXIOM-DEF
 (THE-ARCHETYPE TIME-SPAN TYPE))
(DEFINE-CLASS INTERVAL (?SELF)
:IFF-DEF (TIME-SPAN ?SELF))
(DEFINE-CLASS TOPIC (?SELF)
:DEF (ABSTRACTION ?SELF) :AXIOM-DEF
 (THE-ARCHETYPE TOPIC TYPE))