order a provision issued by a judge concerning the times, conditions and instruments of proceedings Circostanza attenuante Extenuating circumstances are situations (e.g. being mentally handicapped, etc.) that are considered in the context of a crime situation. Caso legale A legal fact in the scope of a judgment procedure. Contratto legale A contract designed according to, and compliant with law. Contracts are legal descriptions that regulate human transactions. Validity criteria can be multivaried, but the basic one is having some part of the contract satisfied by a legal transaction. Transazione legale Legal transactions are legal facts that depend on the intentionality of some rational agent that acts for a legal subject. Therefore, a legal act has an intentionality-evidence as proper part. the set of conditions applied in an employment relationship Documento legale A document that realizes a normative text. It must match certain physical qualities stated by a legal norm. Circostanza di rilevanza legale Situations that are relevant for the assessing of a legal fact. Every situation that is in the scope of a legal description. Funzione giuridica Legal functions are legal roles, only played by legal subjects. Among legal functions, so-called Primary Functions (e.g. Son, Heir, Citizen) are defined by constitutive norms. Regola di conferimento di potere A constitutive norm that confers a power to some legal role or figure. an abstract idea of that which is due to a person or governmental body by law, agreements, tradition or nature 7.2 The Core Legal Ontology. It has been aligned to DOLCE-Ultralite. OWL version by Aldo Gangemi. 7.1 improves on the cognitive aspects of legal facts. 7.2 fixes some dead ends in obsolete imports, as well as the compatibility of clo:LegalSubject with dul:Person La legge the body of legislative or customary rules regulating social relations Ruolo legale A role defined by a legal definition (not even by any legal description?). Legal Roles are roles played by either physical or social objects. Among legal roles, some of them constitute the basic entities of the legal world, such as Legal Subject and Legal Asset. Legal Function is an agentive legal role, while Legal Asset is non-agentive. Legal functions can be played either by physical agents or by legally constructed individuals. Evidenced consciousness (of sth) is a legal cognitive fact, which can be either assumed, expressed, or hinted by some cognitively-related event. Prova di consapevolezza A power conferred by a power-conferring rule. Each of the spheres of legal/institutional functions conferred to a person/body for their holding an office Parametro legale A parameter defined by a legal description. the fact of being capable of having rights and duties Norma regolativa Constitutive Norms introduce new entities in the ground ontology, while Regulative Norms provide constraints on existing ground entities, i.e. they have situations in their scope which eventually satisfy the regulative norm (in either positive or negative sense). Regulative Norms define Behaviour Courses, and have at least one Modal Description as a proper part. Incriminating norms define or use at least one task (the commitment to a sanctioning action) related to some action that is forbidden or illegal to some legal role or agent. Massima legale A synthetic explanation of the fundamental reasons for a legal provision or decision. It can be dependent on (or having as parts) principles and norms. The set of normative positions from Hohfeld's works (and his continuators). Legge A collection of norms aimed at providing the context for regulating a sector of the social behavior Concetto legale A concept defined in a legal constitutive norm. Fatto istituzionale Institutional Facts are the legal counterpart of natural phenomena, being directly created by the application or enforcement of constitutive norms. Proprietà legale Legal function is an agent-driven role, while legal asset is not played by agents. Figura giuridica A social object (not necessarily agentive) described by a legal definition. Atto legale Legal acts are legal facts that depend on the will of some rational agent that acts for a legal subject. Therefore, a legal act has a will-evidence as proper part. Libera volontà AKA 'suitas' in Roman Law. It grounds the distinction between fault and intentional fraud e.g. in Italian Crime Law. Free will can be either assumed or hinted by some cognitively-related events. It is not a kind of (evidenced) will, since being in a free will position does not imply having a will to do something (but only being in a position that permits to have a will). Prova di volontà Evidenced will (to do sth) is a legal cognitive fact, which is depending on an assumed or expressed consciousness (of sth). It can be assumed or hinted by some cognitely-related event. Prova di intenzionalità Evidence of intentionality (to do something) is a legal cognitive fact, which is dependent on the expression of a Will (to do sth). It can be assumed or hinted by some cognitely-related event. For the sake of a legal ontology, a cognitive event is any Event assumed to be entirely participated in by a NaturalPerson, and producing some mental content (Description, Concept, etc.) expressed by an InformationObject; a cognitive event should then be 'reportable' to the others. Evento cognitivo Fatto legale Legal Facts (including cases) are situations depending on norms (only facts relevant for legal systems are legal facts). Legal facts may include Natural Facts (e.g. a death), which are dependent on phenomena, but not on (inherently intentional) human actions. On the other hand, Human Facts depend on conscious intentional human ac-tions. Human facts include: i) Institutional Facts, which are the legal counterpart of natural phenomena, being directly created by the application of constitutive norms, ii) Legal Acts, which depend on the will of some legal agent, iii) Legal Transactions, which depend on the intentionality of some legal agent. Comportamento legale A legal task defined by a regulative norm. any regulation governing human conduct prescript provision rule A text that expresses legal content (norms), according to specified parameters for its validity. Testo legale title given to a person on the basis of his/her education, function or social condition (e.g. doctor, general, etc.) Procedura di giudizio A legal description stating the actions to be carried out to react to some behaviour that is in the scope of the judgment. Soggetto giuridico A dul:Person defined by a LegalDefinition . Legal Subjects (or Agents or Persons) are legally-constructed social agents, i.e. introduced by constitutive norms. A Natural Person creates a Legal Subject it acts for on the only basis of its physical existence (but the property is extended temporally before and after death, as far as legal effects of her actions are still ongoing). A Legal Subject needs to fit strict requirements, such as age, mental non-illness, or artificial existence. Norma costitutiva Constitutive Norms introduce new entities in the ground ontology, while Regulative Norms provide constraints on existing ground entities. In particular, Constitutive Norms define (in the D&S sense) e.g. Legally-constructed Institutions, Legal Functions and Legal Powers. Definition and power-conferring rules are sub-classes of constitutive norms. a clause which makes the validity of a legal instrument or act depend on a contingency any legal act by which public authorities exercise their legislative, administrative or judicial powers and functions action A Role that classifies an Agent Ruolo di agenti Legal Cognitive Facts (e.g. Will, Agreements, Mistakes) are legal facts, which are settings for a NaturalPerson, some Description or Concept, at least one InformationObject, and some CognitiveEvent of that NaturalPerson. In other words, cognitive facts are assumed to be contexts for some mental content (Description, Concept, etc.), which is expressed by some InformationObject, and conceptualized by an Agent during a CognitiveEvent. Moreover, a cognitive fact is legally relevant when it falls under the scope of some Norm. Cognitive facts either satisfy (parts of) existing social and legal norms, or are cases of non-conformity. Among legal cognitive facts, (assumed or expressed) Intentionality (to do something) is dependent on (assumed or expressed) Will (to do sth), which is dependent on (assumed or expressed) Consciousness (of sth). Suitas (Free Will) grounds the distinction between fault and intentional fraud in Crime Law. Fatto legale cognitivo Reato Crimes are situations that satisfy incriminating norms. Incriminating norms define or use at least one course (the commitment to a sanctioning action) related to some action that is forbidden or illegal to some legal role or agent. Aggravating or extenuating circumstances are situations (e.g. being an institutional representative, or being linked by a parenthood relation to the victim, etc.) that are proper parts of a crime situation. Regolamento the obligation to do a given thing Norma legale A regulation having an agent obligation as part. More specifically, an explicitly stated guide (according to conventional rules for publicity and enforcement) for conduct or action, being enforceable, and supposed to be followed by the members of a community. According to the legal system in which it is contained, a norm can be more or less based on principles, self-consistency of the system, or previously decided cases. Task legale A task defined by a legal description (not necessarily by a dedicated legal definition?). Sartor (2004): 'the proposition expressing the obligation to perform a certain action is true whenever optimal practical cognition would lead one to have the intention of accomplishing that action'. Where practical cognition is defined as such: 'while theoretical reasoning consists in moving from one's current beliefs and perceptual states into new beliefs, practical reasoning consists in moving from one's belief and conative states into new conatives states. It can be as rational as theoretical can be ... the question -What plan is such that I should adopt it?- can be viewed as an abbreviation of -What plan is such that I should have the intention of executing it?- that means to recast one's conative states in the form of normative beliefs. Then a normative belief is a belief that doxifies a conative state. A normative proposition is the content of a normative belief. Practical cognition creates normative states of affairs that we tend to consider as having independent reality: normative states of affairs exist as a reflex of (optimal) practical cognition: the task of establishing what normative states of affairs exist coincides with the task of discovering what conative states one could rationally adopt'. In DnS terms, an obligation is different from a plan in the sense that while plans can be executed without being necessarily adopted by the agent(s) (conceiver or not) having a role in it, an obligation can be only be executed if the agent(s) having a role in it, also adopt(s) it. It is also different from an elementary duty, since obligations usually have other descriptions (at least one duty, one plan, one goal, and -legally- one sanction) as proper parts. Agente razionale 1 Circostanza aggravante Aggravating circumstances are situations (e.g. being an institutional representative, or being linked by a parenthood relation to the victim, etc.) that are considered in the context of a crime situation. Definizione legale A constitutive norm that introduces one or more legal entities (subjects, functions, persons, etc.). Istituzione costitutita legalmente Legally-constructed Institutions (e.g. Ministries, Bodies, Societies, Agencies) are legal agents that perform legal acts, on behalf of powers conferred by means of power-conferring norms. They are created by constitutive norms that justify their existence and validity. An important subclass of them includes Institutional Powers. Principio di legge A basic assumption in Law. Cf. the class 'principle'. Fatto legale naturale Natural Legal Facts are facts (e.g. a death), which are dependent on phenomena, but not on (inherently intentional) human actions. Descrizione legale A social description having legal validity and possibly effects. They can be either legal norms, principles, rationales, contracts, regulations to enforce norms, etc. Decisione giudiziale Legislazione The collection of norms governing a certain domain or sector Fatto legale umano Human Facts depend on conscious intentional human actions. Human facts include: i) Institutional Facts, which are the legal counterpart of natural phenomena, being directly created by the application of constitutive norms, ii) Legal Acts, which depend on the will of some legal agent, iii) Legal Transactions, which depend on the intentionality of some legal agent. measure taken by an administrative authority which binds a person or body to a certain behaviour decree judgment ordinance Qualità legale A quality that something has to have in order to comply to some legal description. Here this is modelled as a quality q-located at some region 'admitted by' a legal description.