The version 6.4 of the Core Legal Ontology. It has been checked for alignment with DLP397. This is a preliminary version, not yet completely validated by legal experts. 6.4 Crimes are situations that satisfy incriminating norms. Incriminating norms define or use at least one course (the commitment to a sanctioning action) related to some action that is forbidden or illegal to some legal role or agent. Aggravating or extenuating circumstances are situations (e.g. being an institutional representative, or being linked by a parenthood relation to the victim, etc.) that are proper parts of a crime situation. Evidence of intentionality (to do something) is a legal cognitive fact, which is dependent on the expression of a Will (to do sth). It can be assumed or hinted by some cognitely-related event. A parameter defined by a legal description. Legal Facts (including cases) are situations depending on norms (only facts relevant for legal systems are legal facts). Legal facts may include Natural Facts (e.g. a death), which are dependent on phenomena, but not on (inherently intentional) human actions. On the other hand, Human Facts depend on conscious intentional human ac-tions. Human facts include: i) Institutional Facts, which are the legal counterpart of natural phenomena, being directly created by the application of constitutive norms, ii) Legal Acts, which depend on the will of some legal agent, iii) Legal Transactions, which depend on the intentionality of some legal agent. An explicitly stated guide (according to conventional rules for publicity and enforcement) for conduct or action, being enforceable, and supposed to be followed by the members of a community. According to the legal system in which it is contained, a norm can be more or less based on principles, self-consistency of the system, or previously decided cases. A legal description stating the actions to be carried out to react to some behaviour that is in the scope of the judgment. Natural Legal Facts are facts (e.g. a death), which are dependent on phenomena, but not on (inherently intentional) human actions. A regulation having an agent obligation as part. Legally-constructed Institutions (e.g. Ministries, Bodies, Societies, Agencies) are legal agents that perform legal acts, on behalf of powers conferred by means of power-conferring norms. They are created by constitutive norms that justify their existence and validity. An important subclass of them includes Institutional Powers. Aggravating or extenuating circumstances are situations (e.g. being an institutional representative, or being linked by a parenthood relation to the victim, etc.) that are proper parts of a crime situation. A role defined by a legal definition (not even by any legal description?). Legal Roles are roles played by either physical or social objects. A-mong legal roles, some of them constitute the basic entities of the legal world, such as Legal Subject and Legal Asset. Legal Subject is an agentive legal role, while Legal Asset is non-agentive. Legal subjects can be played either by physical agents or by legally constructed individuals. A constitutive norm that confers a power to some legal role or figure. Evidenced will (to do sth) is a legal cognitive fact, which is depending on an assumed or expressed consciousness (of sth). It can be assumed or hinted by some cognitely-related event. A person defined by a legal definition. Legal Subjects (or Agents or Persons) are legally-constructed social individuals, i.e. agentive figures defined by constitutive norms. A Natural Person can be a Legal Subject on the only basis of its physical existence (but the property is extended temporally before and after death, as far as legal effects of her actions are still ongoing). A Legal Subject needs to fit strict requirements, such as age, mental non-illness, or artificial existence. Constitutive Norms introduce new entities in the ground ontology, while Regulative Norms provide constraints on existing ground entities, i.e. they have situations in their scope which eventually satisfy the regulative norm (in either positive or negative sense). Regulative Norms define Behaviour Courses, and have at least one Modal Description as a proper part. the body of legislative or customary rules regulating social relations A document that realizes a normative text. It must certain physical qualities stated by a legal norm. Sartor (2004): 'the proposition expressing the obligation to perform a certain action is true whenever optimal practical cognition would lead one to have the intention of accomplishing that action'. Where practical cognition is defined as such: 'while theoretical reasoning consists in moving from one's current beliefs and perceptual states into new beliefs, practical reasoning consists in moving from one's belief and conative states into new conatives states. It can be as rational as theoretical can be ... the question -What plan is such that I should adopt it?- can be viewed as an abbreviation of -What plan is such that I should have the intention of executing it?- that means to recast one's conative states in the form of normative beliefs. Then a normative belief is a belief that doxifies a conative state. A normative proposition is the content of a normative belief. Practical cognition creates normative states of affairs that we tend to consider as having independent reality: normative states of affairs exist as a reflex of (optimal) practical cognition: the task of establishing what normative states of affairs exist coincides with the task of discovering what conative states one could rationally adopt'. In DnS terms, an obligation is different from a plan in the sense that while plans can be executed without being necessarily adopted by the agent(s) (conceiver or not) having a role in it, an obligation can be only be executed if the agent(s) having a role in it, also adopt(s) it. It is also different from an elementary duty, since obligations usually have other descriptions (at least one duty, one plan, one goal, and -legally- one sanction) as proper parts. Constitutive Norms introduce new entities in the ground ontology, while Regulative Norms provide constraints on existing ground entities. In particular, Constitutive Norms define (in the D&S sense) e.g. Legally-constructed Institutions, Legal Functions and Legal Powers. Definition and power-conferring rules are sub-classes of constitutive norms. Legal Cognitive Facts (e.g. Will, Agreements, Mistakes) are legal facts, which are settings for mental and information objects, as well as cognitive events or states. In other words, cognitive facts are assumed to be contexts for some mental content, which is expressed (either directly by a cognitive agent, or indirectly reconstructed) by some information object, and modalized by some attitude (cognitive event or state). In still other words, a cognitive fact requires something that makes it publicly available, while it is legal when it has some relevance wrt to norms. Cognitive facts have a specific dependence on agentive physical objects (e.g. a natural person), and either satisfy (parts of) existing social and legal norms, or are cases of non-conformity. Among legal cognitive facts, (assumed or expressed) Intentionality (to do something) is dependent on (assumed or expressed) Will (to do sth), which is dependent on (assumed or expressed) Consciousness (of sth). Suitas (Free Will) grounds the distinction between fault and intentional fraud in Crime Law. Incriminating norms define or use at least one task (the commitment to a sanctioning action) related to some action that is forbidden or illegal to some legal role or agent. Institutional Facts are the legal counterpart of natural phenomena, being directly created by the application or enforcement of constitutive norms. Human Facts depend on conscious intentional human actions. Human facts include: i) Institutional Facts, which are the legal counterpart of natural phenomena, being directly created by the application of constitutive norms, ii) Legal Acts, which depend on the will of some legal agent, iii) Legal Transactions, which depend on the intentionality of some legal agent. The set of normative positions from Hohfeld's works (and his continuators). A concept defined in a legal constitutive norm. decree measure taken by an administrative authority which binds a person or body to a certain behaviour ordinance judgment A contract designed according to, and compliant with law. Contracts are legal descriptions that regulate human transactions. Validity criteria can be multivaried, but the basic one is having some part of the contract satisfied by a legal transaction. Legal transactions are legal facts that depend on the intentionality of some rational agent that acts for a legal subject. Therefore, a legal act has an intentionality-evidence as proper part. A legal fact in the scope of a judgment procedure. A synthetic explanation of the fundamental reasons for a legal provision or decision. It can be dependent on (or having as parts) principles and norms. A task defined by a legal description (not necessarily by a dedicated legal definition?). order a provision issued by a judge concerning the times, conditions and instruments of proceedings a clause which makes the validity of a legal instrument or act depend on a contingency an abstract idea of that which is due to a person or governmental body by law, agreements, tradition or nature A basic assumption in Law. Cf. the class 'principle'. A text that expresses legal content (norms), according to specified parameters for its validity. A power conferred by a power-conferring rule. Each of the spheres of legal/institutional functions conferred to a person/body for their holding an office the fact of being capable of having rights and duties the set of conditions applied in an employment relationship the obligation to do a given thing A constitutive norm that introduces one or more legal entities (subjects, functions, persons, etc.). AKA 'suitas' in Roman Law. It grounds the distinction between fault and intentional fraud e.g. in Italian Crime Law. Free will can be either assumed or hinted by some cognitively-related events. It is not a kind of (evidenced) will, since being in a free will position does not imply having a will to do something (but only being in a position that permits to have a will). Legal function is an agent-driven role, while legal asset is not played by agents. Evidenced consciousness (of sth) is a legal cognitive fact, which can be either assumed, expressed, or hinted by some cognitively-related event. A quality that something has to have in order to comply to some legal description. Here this is modelled as a quality q-located at some region 'admitted by' a legal description. A social description having legal validity and possibly effects. They can be either legal norms, principles, rationales, contracts, regulations to enforce norms, etc. action any legal act by which public authorities exercise their legislative, administrative or judicial powers and functions title given to a person on the basis of his/her education, function or social condition (e.g. doctor, general, etc.) Aggravating or extenuating circumstances are situations (e.g. being an institutional representative, or being linked by a parenthood relation to the victim, etc.) that are proper parts of a crime situation. A figure defined by a legal definition. Legal acts are legal facts that depend on the will of some rational agent that acts for a legal subject. Therefore, a legal act has a will-evidence as proper part. Legal functions are legal roles, only played by legal subjects. Among legal functions, so-called Primary Functions (e.g. Son, Heir, Citizen) are defined by constitutive norms. Situations that are relevant for the assessing of a legal fact. Every situation that is in the scope of a legal description. provision prescript any regulation governing human conduct rule A legal task defined by a regulative norm.